# CIP - Shelley’s Basho-Voltaire decentralization update **URL:** \ **Category:** CIPs\ **Created:** [17 March 2022 15:21 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685 "2022-03-17T15:21:52Z")\ **Posts on this page:** 20\ **Page:** 1
**Author:** ![Michael.Liesenfelt](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/michael.liesenfelt/32/52420_2.png) [@Michael.Liesenfelt](https://forum.cardano.org/u/Michael.Liesenfelt)\ **Post date:** [17 March 2022 15:21 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/1 "2022-03-17T15:21:52Z")
Cardano Community, ~~I’ve begun authoring a CIP:~~ Submitted a pull request for the: **Shelley’s ~~Basho~~ Voltaire decentralization update** [CIP-Liesenfelt-Shelleys\_Voltaire\_decentralization\_update/blob/main/README.md](https://github.com/michael-liesenfelt/CIP-Liesenfelt-Shelleys_Voltaire_decentralization_update/blob/main/README.md) [Pull Request cardano-foundation/CIPs/pull/242](https://github.com/cardano-foundation/CIPs/pull/242) Google Docs Draft Link: [Shelley’s Basho-Voltaire Decentralization Update](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gOrGhH_g44aEcyqkYwuOFkMiKe51r34eUotQYeY86MA/edit?usp=sharing) [Google Docs] (Anybody can comment!) In short, the network hasn’t decentralized as much as we would like: ![k effective per epoch](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/uploads/cardano/original/3X/c/b/cb0af947f8bc9cdfc2c4ac56f1efefc71f2ab44b.png) The current reward formulation has not produced the desired result and is not fair: ![current reward equation](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/uploads/cardano/original/3X/1/d/1de36e50e617157e253630049a5565eb257c17ff.png) The distribution of stake isn’t ideal: ![Screenshot from 2022-04-01 21-16-17](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/uploads/cardano/original/3X/5/e/5e02faa49fdd7e4d4b25b4c3de36f3a3e77fe652.png) I’m proposing a new reward formulation to reuse and enforce a0: ![new equation with minfee 30](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/uploads/cardano/original/3X/1/9/199f7add3391feecf5394dfcafcade377ee953ba.png) The goal is to change the range to: ![Screenshot from 2022-04-01 23-21-37](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/uploads/cardano/original/3X/6/3/63a220372a7bb43fcfa2434beed2da4f0136be6f.png) Your wisdom, comments, feedback, and revisions are welcomed! ---
**Author:** ![ADAViking](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/a/b5e925/32.png) [@ADAViking](https://forum.cardano.org/u/ADAViking)\ **Post date:** [17 March 2022 18:39 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/2 "2022-03-17T18:39:27Z")
Well done! Hopefully we can get some interaction and comments from IOG. ---
**Author:** ![Michael.Liesenfelt](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/michael.liesenfelt/32/52420_2.png) [@Michael.Liesenfelt](https://forum.cardano.org/u/Michael.Liesenfelt)\ **Post date:** [17 March 2022 19:57 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/3 "2022-03-17T19:57:01Z")
I’m hoping to get the technical content and details correct first. I may have some things wrong or have overlooked details. Then I would like to gather a large list of community supporters indicating community buy-in, including the largest groups like Binance, Coinbase, Kraken, ADALite, ect. After that has been achieved direct engagement with IOG on a plan of action would be appropriate. IOG has been waiting and can continue to wait for the right amount of community support. ---
**Author:** ![Michael.Liesenfelt](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/michael.liesenfelt/32/52420_2.png) [@Michael.Liesenfelt](https://forum.cardano.org/u/Michael.Liesenfelt)\ **Post date:** [20 March 2022 01:21 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/4 "2022-03-20T01:21:58Z")
Revision: - A pledge leverage factor of 1000x was way too high . I changed the initial value from 1000x to 100x in the descriptions and updated the graph. I’m still not sure what an ideal initial value for the leverage should be. - Enhanced some of the descriptions and argument cases. Open Question: I have found the original paper and reference for the current reward equation, but I haven’t been able to find any information on alternative reward equations tested or the logic/rationale behind why R/(1+a0)\*( … a0…) was selected in the context of Sybil protection. ---
**Author:** ![KryptoKing](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/kryptoking/32/52212_2.png) [@KryptoKing](https://forum.cardano.org/u/KryptoKing)\ **Post date:** [21 March 2022 15:53 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/5 "2022-03-21T15:53:03Z")
Can you give a system of equations for driving the new values and showing how they are the optimised values? ---
**Author:** ![Michael.Liesenfelt](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/michael.liesenfelt/32/52420_2.png) [@Michael.Liesenfelt](https://forum.cardano.org/u/Michael.Liesenfelt)\ **Post date:** [21 March 2022 18:33 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/6 "2022-03-21T18:33:02Z")
Yes! I’ve been thinking about this recently also. Where should (a0,k) **optimally** start and converge towards? a0=100 and k=500 is currently arbitrary! I (and/or anybody who wants to help) can work on charts of: - Current group stake and required pool count at various values of k. (Or maybe the top 40 to start with) - Current group fees and margin versus current a0 incentive. (Or maybe the top 20 to start with) - Current group leverage factors histogram / CDF. (Every group, small to large) - Histogram of stake versus saturation. (Every group, small to large) @KryptoKing are there any other additional pieces of data which could help the community guide parameter selection? ---
**Author:** ![Michael.Liesenfelt](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/michael.liesenfelt/32/52420_2.png) [@Michael.Liesenfelt](https://forum.cardano.org/u/Michael.Liesenfelt)\ **Post date:** [22 March 2022 03:46 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/7 "2022-03-22T03:46:30Z")
I’m always happy to see a new stakeholder creating 23 pools and staking 1.4B. I would ideally like the pledge amount to be greater than 0. [https://twitter.com/pool\_pm/status/1506068332927197190](https://twitter.com/pool_pm/status/1506068332927197190) ---
**Author:** ![Michael.Liesenfelt](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/michael.liesenfelt/32/52420_2.png) [@Michael.Liesenfelt](https://forum.cardano.org/u/Michael.Liesenfelt)\ **Post date:** [23 March 2022 16:54 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/8 "2022-03-23T16:54:37Z")
Review Team, I just included charts for all of the variations the fee and a0 for the current reward equation and the new reward equation. Descriptions will be added soon. I’m still working on creating histograms of the current stake distribution as a function of pledge to support the question from @KryptoKing . I also made the k-effective formula and relationship easier to understand. ![Screenshot from 2022-03-23 12-50-51](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/uploads/cardano/original/3X/2/f/2fbaa18f3ac980576156afaf8c21c5e9f1444408.png) ---
**Author:** ![HeptaSean](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/heptasean/32/82306_2.png) [@HeptaSean](https://forum.cardano.org/u/HeptaSean)\ **Post date:** [25 March 2022 14:47 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/9 "2022-03-25T14:47:33Z")
Do I understand your proposal correctly that the pledge determines, when the pool is saturated? So, with less pledge the plummeting yields because of saturation start earlier? I think I like it. ---
**Author:** ![CrazyCareer](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/crazycareer/32/48021_2.png) [@CrazyCareer](https://forum.cardano.org/u/CrazyCareer)\ **Post date:** [26 March 2022 20:53 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/10 "2022-03-26T20:53:09Z")
Thanks @Michael.Liesenfelt for this proposal (and Rick for the interview I’ve just watched: [Cardano Network Parameters with Dr. Michael Liesenfelt | Cardano Live #54 - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAs_L68RO-c)). For me, this is a MASSIVE improvement. As a champion for trying to make things fairer for smaller pools, whilst appreciating the need for large and stable pools, I love it! This has my complete support Kind regards VEGAS Pool (dev for HOSKY Token) ---
**Author:** ![7.4d4](https://avatars.discourse-cdn.com/v4/letter/7/bc79bd/32.png) [@7.4d4](https://forum.cardano.org/u/7.4d4)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 01:28 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/11 "2022-03-27T01:28:38Z")
@Michael.Liesenfelt Great explanation on CardanoLive Dr. I really like that you have gone back to first principles and tried to express the original intentions of the parameters in your proposed formula. I agree with your argument that whales would be incentivised to increase decentralisation through splitting their wallets and staking to other pools. They would furthermore be incentivised to do this in order to spread their reward risk across multiple operators. I believe your proposal will lead to: 1. Increased decentralisation 2. Fairer distribution of rewards 3. Lower barrier to entry for small pool operators ---
**Author:** ![COSDpool](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/cosdpool/32/21482_2.png) [@COSDpool](https://forum.cardano.org/u/COSDpool)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 02:39 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/12 "2022-03-27T02:39:32Z")
> [@Michael.Liesenfelt](#): > > Descriptions will be added soon. I’m still working on creating histograms of the current stake distribution as a function of pledge … I can see across a few channels that this proposal is really starting to gather support from the community. So even if you feel it still could be improved upon, it could well be time to submit it as a PR into the official repository. Three of the people you’ve chosen as reviewers seem to respond to new PRs and it would be helpful to have some more committed dialogue. Also it would assure that your further edits will be compatible with existing CIPs after forcing a conversion of your document to Markdown. You probably know more than I would about phrasing equations in Markdown (if that’s what you want to do) but I can see this plugin has good reviews and could convert the bulk of your document: > **[Docs to Markdown - Google Workspace Marketplace](https://workspace.google.com/marketplace/app/docs_to_markdown/700168918607)** > > Free, open-source Drive add-on that converts a Google Doc to simple, readable Markdown or HTML. I don’t have an opinion about whether this proposal is desirable, but it appears scientifically well justified. What I can tell you from the CIP editors meeting is that protocol changes have to be well into the pipeline in order to be considered for a hard fork _and_ often when such changes are agreed before a hard fork, they’re planned for implementation in the _next_ hard fork: so time may be of the essence as protocol parameter changes are currently under active review. ---
**Author:** ![jcamp](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/jcamp/32/46791_2.png) [@jcamp](https://forum.cardano.org/u/jcamp)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 05:02 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/13 "2022-03-27T05:02:12Z")
Hi @Michael.Liesenfelt, You have some interesting ideas on here, and I hope it will blossom into a more robust CIP. Assuming I am interpreting your graph and equation correctly, one potential flaw I am seeing here is the lack of consideration of the pool saturation limit in the reward calculation. I can tell that this may be the case because your equation is missing the beta-parameter (β) which is the saturation limit (see reference 5 of your original document). The factor (1 - σ/β) in the original equation should be maintained as this guarantees the penalty in the reward when the pool stake (σ) exceeds saturation limit (β). The absence of the penalty (1 - σ/β) can be potentially exploited by MPOs, and I can give you a scenario: Binance currently has 62 pools and about 2.9B ADA which translates to a stake fraction of roughly 12%. Since your CIP does not consider any penalty for exceeding the saturation limit, Binance can even decrease its number of pools to let’s say 2 pools and still keep all 2.8B ADA. This strategy will keep Binance’s 2 pools oversaturated. However, since its stake fraction remains the same, Binance and its delegators will get the same reward. Why 2 pools and not 1? To avoid being segregated with the SPOs. Consequences: a) Binance expenditure decreases since it will now be able to decrease the number of pools from 62 to just 2. b) Since its expenditure can get decreased, Binance can offer even more lucrative rewards which can attract even more delegation. This leads to centralization and weakening against Sybil attack. 3) According to your graph, Binance or any pool can achieve as high as 100% stake fraction (i.e., can acquire all stake) and still retain the \>5% reward without any penalty. I do have a CIP that tackles the same problem as yours, but it utilizes a different approach. I am not sure if the idea I laid down in that CIP will be helpful to you as you try to improve your CIP. Best of luck! My CIP is here: > > > Dear Community, > > It is a pleasure to have this chance to contribute to the Car…dano ecosystem, and I am glad that this chance is open for everyone even to contributors like I am who is not a developer by profession. I do have a terminal degree in the physical sciences, so I can understand quite a bit of mathematics (this CIP is somewhat mathematics-oriented). I must reveal that I am using a pseudonym as I am still not sure at this point what I am getting into. Here, I proposed a CIP that will hopefully address the steadily increasing stake centralization in the Cardano ecosystem. I am also aware that there is another proposed CIP by Casey Gibson (https://github.com/cardano-foundation/CIPs/pull/163) which is similar to mine. I discussed the differences of these two proposals in the Rational section of my CIP. Finally, I gave a very simple scenario below that may help orient the reader as to what the CIP is trying to achieve. > > Alice, Bob, and Charlie are pool operators, and each is entitled to 3 saturation limits (SL). However, they need to make a pledge to get any SL in a 1:1 ratio. The ecosystem has a total of 9 ADA in circulation, and the proposed CIP requires that the “total SL is always equal to ADA in circulation” regardless of pools’ pledge status. > > Scenario: > a. Alice pledged 3, Bob 3, Charlie 3 (ecosystem is in equilibrium, total SL = ADA in circulation). Since all SL were claimed and no one is under-pledged, additional pledges from Alice, Bob, and Charlie will no longer allow them to gain any more SL nor will it decrease their current SL. > b. Alice withdrew 1 pledge due to an unforeseen circumstance, and this makes the ecosystem under-pledged (Alice has 2 SL, Bob 3, and Charlie 3). The proposal always require that “total SL = ADA in circulation”, so the unclaimed SL must be redistributed. The redistribution uses pool accumulated time as the parameter instead of pledge so as not to disadvantage Alice even more by having the lowest pledge. Assuming they all started at the same time as pool operators, Alice, Bob, and Charlie deserve equal proportion to the unclaimed SL, and each will receive 0.33 SL. So, Alice has 2.33 SL, Bob 3.33 and Charlie 3.33. “total SL = ADA in circulation” is re-stablished. > c. Eventhough, Alice’s unclaimed SL was re-distributed, it can still be claimed by anybody. So, Bob decided to pledge 1. Alice now has 2 SL, Bob 4 and Charlie 3. Since all SL were claimed but only Alice is under-pledged, only Alice can pledge at this point. Additional pledges from Bob and Charlie will no longer allow them to gain any more SL nor will it decrease their current SL > d. Alice decided to pledge 1 to reclaim her SL. Now, Alice has 3 SL, Bob 3, and Charlie 3. Since all SL were claimed and no one is under-pledged, additional pledges from Alice, Bob, and Charlie will no longer allow them to gain any more SL nor will it decrease their current SL. > e. Under the new proposal, the only way any one of them can take away SL from the other pools is to set up more pools. However, one will need to pay a pledge to take away only a tiny fraction of SL, which makes this strategy unrewarding. > > To illustrate scenario (e) even better, a current MPO that has 60 pools and controls 2.8B ADA in stake without any pledge must now pledge 12.8M and set up 282 pools to retain all 2.8B ADA in stake under the proposed CIP. ---
**Author:** ![brouwerQ](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/brouwerq/32/28193_2.png) [@brouwerQ](https://forum.cardano.org/u/brouwerQ)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 06:53 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/14 "2022-03-27T06:53:50Z")
@Michael.Liesenfelt The parameter a0 currently isn’t limited to the range 0 to 1, but 0 to infinity. The design doc ([https://hydra.iohk.io/build/13099669/download/1/delegation\_design\_spec.pdf](https://hydra.iohk.io/build/13099669/download/1/delegation_design_spec.pdf)) has examples with a0 being e.g. 3 or 5. ---
**Author:** ![santonode](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/santonode/32/36071_2.png) [@santonode](https://forum.cardano.org/u/santonode)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 12:24 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/15 "2022-03-27T12:24:17Z")
KryptoKing, this is something that you could spend time on that would be very valuable to the proposer and the community! ---
**Author:** ![Michael.Liesenfelt](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/michael.liesenfelt/32/52420_2.png) [@Michael.Liesenfelt](https://forum.cardano.org/u/Michael.Liesenfelt)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 12:34 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/16 "2022-03-27T12:34:41Z")
> [@jcamp](#): > > your equation is missing the beta-parameter (β) which is the saturation limit β = z0 = 1/k It’s in there as the 3rd term, I just purposefully left it written as 1/k to provide clarity. F( stake, pledge ) = R \* min{ stake, a0 \* pledge, **1/k** \* total\_stake } > [@jcamp](#): > > The factor (1 - σ/β) in the original equation should be maintained as this guarantees the penalty in the reward when the pool stake (σ) exceeds saturation limit (β). The term (1 - σ/β) is not a penalty, it is part of the incentive pledge yield boosting half of the current equation: λ’ ·α·( σ’-λ’ ·(1−σ’ /β)/β ) . Setting a0=α=0.0 makes that whole term go to 0. I include a case for a0=0.0. The term R \* **σ’** in the original equation provides the saturation limit based on k. 1/(1+a0) decreases the yields for everybody who isn’t boosted by pledge back to a maximum reward of R. > [@jcamp](#): > > [CIP-???? | Pledge-Based Saturation Limit Under a Closed System by jycappucino · Pull Request #229 · cardano-foundation/CIPs · GitHub](https://github.com/cardano-foundation/CIPs/pull/229/files?short_path=f8c0d06#diff-f8c0d0640ff23aa1246cf1c64a23f27f6b233b4f0dd2aa5edee5d4a2c1cd8da7) I’m going to review your CIP and ensure I reference it and all relevant contributions. ---
**Author:** ![jcamp](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/jcamp/32/46791_2.png) [@jcamp](https://forum.cardano.org/u/jcamp)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 13:21 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/17 "2022-03-27T13:21:43Z")
> [@Michael.Liesenfelt](#): > > β = z0 = 1/k > It’s in there as the 3rd term, I just purposefully left it written as 1/k to provide clarity. > F( stake, pledge ) = R \* min{ stake, a0 \* pledge, **1/k** \* total\_stake } Interesting! Do you mind providing the expression for min{stake, a0_pledge, 1/k_total\_stake} that you used for your plots? I’m kind of curious because just by basing on the graph you provided, any pool can potentially acquire 100% stake fraction (all stake) and still get \>5% reward. What does the plot of reward versus stake saturation looks like using your equation? I think this is a very important plot. Thanks! Also, if you don’t mind providing a short definition of each term found in the original equation and in your equation - TLDR in a way because the IOG paper is quite lengthy and it’s been a while since I’ve browsed it. Thanks again! ---
**Author:** ![Michael.Liesenfelt](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/michael.liesenfelt/32/52420_2.png) [@Michael.Liesenfelt](https://forum.cardano.org/u/Michael.Liesenfelt)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 13:30 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/18 "2022-03-27T13:30:00Z")
> [@jcamp](#): > > acquire 100% stake fraction (all stake) All of the charts I show have “Stake Saturation” not fraction of all stake as the X axis / domain. Saturation is governed by k. I have started updating the descriptions within the “Current Reward Equation” section for clarity as recommended. ---
**Author:** ![earncoinpool](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/earncoinpool/32/57287_2.png) [@earncoinpool](https://forum.cardano.org/u/earncoinpool)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 13:34 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/19 "2022-03-27T13:34:58Z")
> [@Michael.Liesenfelt](#): > > I’m proposing a new reward formulation to reuse and enforce a0: > > ![Screenshot from 2022-03-17 11-14-00](https://us1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/uploads/cardano/original/3X/e/2/e2faf1148726277dd5a78bec9a12abb13ebcfb3e.png) > > Your wisdom, comments, feedback, and revisions are welcomed! Does this chart assume minimum fees at $0 ---
**Author:** ![pgwad](https://sea1.discourse-cdn.com/flex023/user_avatar/forum.cardano.org/pgwad/32/43233_2.png) [@pgwad](https://forum.cardano.org/u/pgwad)\ **Post date:** [27 March 2022 13:38 UTC](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685/20 "2022-03-27T13:38:34Z")
So here are my thoughts about this proposal. Before that I would like to talk about the current scheme 1. Current rewards scheme uses k as a soft nudge to control saturation. 2. However it also tries to ensure that the ecosystem has max k pools. Delegators will be at disadvantage if they are in k+1 pool 3. RSS paper clearly states that single entity running multiple pools is a sybil behavior. To control that a0 would have to be used. 4. a0 can lead to centralization at best and sybil attack at worst. Now the problem with directly changing this will hurt a budding pool more What I like about this scheme is the equitable RSS to all delegators. 1. This scheme effectively makes k as a min value instead of max. So we can have k saturated pools or we can have n\*k pools such that k+1 pool delegator is not affected disproportionately. 2. The clever use of a0 also ensures that there is no benefit for sybil behavior. 3. This proposal also ensures that the current ecosystem where there are many entities can all be cohesive. Concretely the exchanges don’t get away with 0 pledge and budding pools don’t get affected with their growing pledge So this proposal effectively uses a0 and k as it was originally intended aka use k for saturation and a0 for sybil and is inclined to the current scheme of things in ecosystem. I see following challenges with this proposal 1. Since this changes the assumptions in game theory of the current RSS, this scheme has to be analyzed under modified behavior. In current scheme the rewards are aligned to push delegators towards k pools and the assumption that there will be only k saturated pools 2. Min fee has to change. This min has be to very low so that pool operators don’t split their pledge and pools. for example if I have 10M delegation and 1M pledge, then I could split into 10pools of 1M delegation each and have 100k pledge in each. So I would get 10\*minfee. if min fee is low (or rather just adjusted to cost of maintaining a pool) then I would be discouraged from splitting 3. Because of game theory changes, I think this proposal will undergo a lot more review by the protocol designers and chances of its implementation is slim until voltaire. So need to start soon I (PGWAD pool) support this proposal and I think this should be converted to a formal CIP and put up for CIP discussion asap. [Next page](https://forum.cardano.org/t/cip-shelley-s-basho-voltaire-decentralization-update/97685.md?page=2)