Hi I’m Charles Hoskinson Chief of executive officer of input/output Hong Kong
您好 我是查尔斯霍金森 IOHK的执行总监
and I’m here today to talk a little bit about Cardano
今天我要在这里讲一下卡尔达诺项目
so to understand Cardano first you have to understand where Cardano came from
要了解卡尔达诺 首先你必须了解卡尔达诺从哪里来
so let’s talk about the first generation of cryptocurrencies
所以我们来谈谈第一代加密货币
so first gen is Bitcoin
第一代是比特币
and the problem that Bitcoin was trying to solve was really could we create a decentralized money
而比特币试图解决的问题是我们是否能真正创建一个
a decentralized
去中心化的货币
could we create some sort of token
我们是否可以创造出某种类型的代币
that lives on some sort of decentralized blockchain maintained by people all around the world
这种依赖于世界各地的人们来维护的去中心化区块链
and that token would be scarce and tradable
而且这个代币具有稀少性并且可以交易
so when Alice and Bob want to send value to each other
所以当爱丽丝和鲍勃想要互相发送价值给对方时
there would be a mechanism for doing that did that did not require
就会有一种机制可以做到这一点 而这个机制不需要一个值得信赖的第三方的中间人
now this was kind of a really cool and interesting idea it had very old roots
这是一种非常酷且有趣的想法 而且它其实有着相当悠久 的根源
starting from the 1980s and beyond
最先是从20世纪80年代开始
but Bitcoin was really the first to bring this all together and
但比特币是真正第一个将这一切结合在一起的
it was a tremendously successful experiment
这是一个非常成功的实验
after just a few years Bitcoin not only accrued thousands of users
经过短短几年的比特币 不仅累积成千上万的用户
but also started being worth real money
也开始成为真正的金钱
tokens went from less than a penny to actually $1.00
比特币的代币价值从不到一分钱到实际成为一美元
to eventually $100
到最后一百美元
and right around that time period we saw a huge influx of people saying
并且在那段时间 我们看到大量涌入的人说
boy this is really interesting
天呢 这真的很有趣！
however the issue is that the transaction between Alice and Bob has more than
然而 最后问题在于 爱丽丝和鲍勃之间的交易不仅仅
just the act of moving money associated with it
是转移与其相关金钱的动作
there’s a story behind that transaction there’s terms and conditions
这项交易背后还有个故事 那就是其中的条款与条件
for example what if Alice says the Bob I’ll give you the money
例如 如果爱丽丝说 鲍勃 我会给你钱
if and only if you mow my lawn
如果你帮我修剪我的草坪
I’ll give you the money if and only if you repair my roof
又或者 我会给你这笔钱 只要如果你帮我修理屋顶
this is a contract this is the story
这是一个合同 这是一个故事
so first generation of technology wasn’t really well suited for this
所以 第一代技术并不是很适合这种状况
every single time someone wanted to make a change to Bitcoin
每一次当有人想对比特币进行更改时
they would have to build another cryptocurrency
他们必须要创造另一个加密货币
or they’d have to figure out how to install some sort of cumbersome overlay protocol
或者他们必须弄清楚 如何安装某种繁琐的重叠协议
like master coin or color coins
如主币(Master Coin)或彩色币(Colored Coin)
so back in 2014 Vitalik Buterin and myself and many others came together
所以2014年时 V神(Vitalik Buterin)和我和其他许多人聚在一起
and launched the first second generation blockchain and this is Ethereum
推出了第一个第二代区块链 就是以太坊
now Ethereum is kind of like when Java Script came to the web browser
现在以太坊就像当时网页浏览器有了Java Script
we went went from these static simple pages
我们从静态的简单网页
that were not terribly functional but at least they did something to pages that were fully programmable that
不是那么差劲但至少可工作的 到可完全编程的网页
this and then enabled us to build the Facebook’s the Google’s the Gmail’s
使我们能够建立像现在的脸书 谷歌 Gmail
the experiences we’ve come to know and love
这种我们了解并喜爱的网页体验
so Ethereum brought a programming language to a blockchain
而以太坊为区块链带来了一种编程语言
so this programming language paradigm allowed smart contracts to be written to have customizable transactions
这种编程语言范式允许写入智能合约和可特制化的交易
so when Alice sends that value to Bob all those terms and conditions
所以当爱丽丝向鲍勃发送该价值时 所有这些条款和条件
could then be embedded within the transaction and it can be bespoke to her particular needs
都可以嵌入到交易中 并且可以根据她的具体需求而量身定制
now this paradigm like Bitcoin also took off
现在像类似比特币这样的范式也起飞了
and now Ethereum is among the largest of crypto currencies and has a huge developer community
现在以太坊是最大的加密货币之一 并且拥有庞大的开发者社区
unfortunately just like Bitcoin we’re starting to enter into a new realm
不幸的是 就像比特币 我们开始进入一个新领域
we’re going into the third generation
我们将进入第三代
where we’ve realized that Ethereum can’t scale to millions of users to billions of users
我们已经意识到 以太坊并不能扩展到数百万 数十亿的用户的
Ethereum doesn’t really have a good developer experience
以太坊并没有一个良好的开发者经验
at Ethereum and all cryptocurrencies have really a bad governance experience right now
在以太坊和所有加密货币现在的治理体系真的很糟糕
where every single time there’s a major disagreement instead of finding a way to resolve it
当每一次有一个很大的分歧 我们并不是找到解决的办法
we end up usually seeing things like a Ethereum or Ethereum classic
最终我们通常会看到诸如 以太坊或以太坊经典
or things like Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash
或像比特币和比特币现金这样分叉的东西
furthermore there are big sustainability problems in the space
此外 在这个领域还存在很大的可持续性问题
namely after the ICO money is out for a project that’s funded this way
即是项目在初始ICO资金用完后
or let’s say the venture capital runs out who will fund and to grow the chain
又或者假设风险资本耗尽 谁将来为区块链成长提供资金
who will fund to actually build out an ecosystem these are big open questions
谁将来为建立生态系统提供资金链 这些都是重大和公开的问题
so the third generation is all about three topics one is scalability
所以 第三代是关于三个主题 一是可扩展性
two is interoperability
二是可互通性
and finally there’s this notion of sustainability
最后是可持续性的概念
so the Cardano project is really our philosophy our vision on how to solve each of these categories in a way
卡尔达诺是我们的哲学和愿景 如何去解决每个类别的问题
that we feel it’s going to inherit the best features and lessons learn from generation one
并让我们觉得它会继承第一代和第二代的最佳功能
in generation two but also add a lot of new concepts and technologies in space
和取得之前的教训 但也增添了许多新的概念和技术的愿景
and this project is built with some really good principles namely two –
而这个项目是在于建立 一些很好的原则 其中有两个
first of all the science that guides the solutions to these problems
首先 科学引导问题的解决方案
goes through some notion of peer review
并将通过一种同行评审的概念
so we go to conferences we write proper scientific papers
所以我们会去参加会议 我们撰写合适的科学学术论文
we engage universities
我们让各大学学术机构单位参与
and all the engineering we have the goal to eventually implement as high assurance code
所有的工程是让我们最终可实现最高度保证的编程代码的目标
which means the same types of techniques one would see
这意味着人们将会看到的相同等级的技术
with the Shinkansen or a jet engine
在比如新干线或者飞机引擎上
where when the failure of the system results in human death
是种当系统失效会导致人类死亡等级的技术
we can apply those techniques to a to our protocols the engineering and development
我们可以将这些技术应用于我们的协议工程和开发
so that we have a much higher belief in the quality of the code
以便我们对代码的质量有着更高的信心
this avoids events like the Dao Parity hack and other such things as we’ve seen in the space
这就避免了我们在圈子里见到类似以太坊Dao Parity钱包被黑等事件
so let’s go through each of these in more detail starting with scalability
所以让我们从可扩展性开始 并详细介绍其中的每一个
so scalability is kind of a loaded term and it has a heck of a lot of meanings
所以可扩展性是一种负载的术语 它具有很多含义
but from a cryptocurrencies perspective
但从加密货币的角度来看
you can really think of scalability in three different perspectives
您可以从三个不同的角度真正考虑可扩展性
so one of scalability in terms of transactions per second
可扩展性的其中之一是每秒交易次数
so you’ll often hear people say well bitcoin has seven transactions per second
所以你经常会听到别人说比特币每秒有7笔交易
or Ethereum has 10 or 20 transactions per second
或者以太坊每秒有10或20笔交易
and this new protocol has 200 transactions or 300 transactions per second
而这个新协议将会每秒有200个交易或300个交易
this notion of how many transactions are able to get into a block within some finite period of time
这个概念表明有多少个交易能够在有限的时间内进入一个区块
but it’s not the only thing that you have to concern yourself with
但这并不是你唯一该思考的东西
transactions carry data and as you get more transactions you require more network resources
每个交易都帶有数据 当你获得更多的交易时 你需要更多的网络资源
so there’s also this notion of bandwidth or network
所以也需要有带宽或网络的概念
where for a system to scale if it’s going to go to millions and billions of users that system could require
如果系统要扩展到数百万和数十亿用户 那系统可能需要
hundreds of megabytes to gigabytes per second of bandwidth to be able to support all the data flowing through it
每秒数百MB到数百GB的带宽才能支持所有流经它的数据
this is their common in the enterprise world but not quite where we need to be in the peer-to-peer world
这规模的带宽在企业界很普遍 但在我们点对点的世界并不是
and then finally there’s this notion of data scale
然后最后有这个数据规模的概念
so blockchains store things hopefully forever
所以区块链储存的东西都希望能够是永远
and so every time you put a transaction in regardless if it’s relevant or not
所以每一次交易不管是相关或不相关的
it ends up in the log and as you have more and more transactions per second
都在在日志中记载结束 而当你每秒有越来越多的交易
you need more and more data and as a consequence block chains will grow from megabytes
你需要越来越多的数据 因此区块链会从几MB
to gigabytes to terabytes to petabytes
增加到GB 到TB 到PB
and potentially even exabytes
甚至可能还有EB的出现
again this is okay in the network world but when we talk about
同样的 这在目前的网络世界里还是可以做到的 但当我们要谈论
a replicated system whose security model relies upon
一个需要复制性 而且其安全模型依赖于
each node having a copy of the blockchain
每个节点里的副本的区块链系统
this is not tractable for consumer hardware devices
这对于消费者的硬件设备来说不容易处理
so Cardno what we’re trying to do
所以在卡尔达诺 我们正在试图做的是
is figure out ways to solve these problems in a very elegant way
以非常优雅的方式 找出解决这些问题的方法
namely that as we add people to the network
即在人们加入网络时
we naturally get more transactions per second we get more network resources
我们自然而然地获得更多的每秒交易 我们获得更多的网络资源
and eventually we’ll get more available overall data storage
最终我们将获得更多可用的整体数据存储
without compromising our security model
也不会影响我们的安全模型
so let’s talk a little bit about some of the innovations we’ve already brought namely with the throughput
所以让我们谈谈一些有关我们对于产量已经带来的创新
we have developed a peer reviewed white paper
我们制定了同行评审的白皮书
for our provably secure proof of stake protocol
用于我们已证实安全可靠的权益证明(PoS)协议
called Ouroboros and Ouroboros is among one of the most efficient consensus protocols in the cryptocurrency space
叫做乌洛波洛斯 目前是加密货币空间中最有效率的共识协议之一
and it’s the first to actually be proven secure in a very rigorous cryptographic way
它是第一个真正通过严格加密学的方法而被证明安全的共识协议
the magic of Ouroboros is that it’s been designed in a modular way
乌洛波洛斯的魔力在于它是以模块化方式设计的
and it’s been designed with future proofing in its DNA
并且它的基因设计中具有未来的证明功能
so namely how Ouroboros works his Ouroboros breaks the world in two epochs
乌洛波洛斯是如何工作的呢？乌洛波洛斯把世界分为两个纪元(epoch)
it takes a look at the distribution of tokens and grab it from a source of random numbers
它会查看代币的分布情况 并从随机数字源中获取某个代币
that’s able to hold an election and create slot leaders
这个随机代币将可以成为时隙领导(slot leader)
now these slot leaders functionally do the exact same thing
现在这些时隙领导(slot leader)在功能上相当于
that a miner would do in Bitcoin
矿工在比特币中所做的所有相同事情
so this is basically the same as a person
所以这基本上就是与比特币里某个人
who discovers a block wins a block in Bitcoin
发现一个区块并赢得一个区块一样
but the difference is that it doesn’t require the extensive computational resources that Bitcoin requires to construct a block
但它的区别在于 它不需要比特币构建区块所需要的大量计算资源
and as a consequence this system is considerably cheaper to run
因此这系统可以用相当便宜的方式运行
even though we still have similar security guarantees that Bitcoin currently enjoys
并且我们仍然有类似于比特币般的安全保证
so it’s a major advancement but the other really interesting thing is that
所以这是一个重大的进步 但另一个非常有趣的事情是这样的
these slot leaders don’t have to just maintain a single block and a single chain
这些时隙领导(slot leader)不必只维护单一的区块和单一的链
they can actually maintain other blocks and other chains
他们实际上可以维护其他区块和其他的链
because the cost of constructing a block is so low it’s actually now tractable
因为构建一个区块的成本变得很低 我们就可以很轻松地
to talk about consensus over a range of block chains instead of a single chain
在某范围内的区块链上讨论共识 而并非只能在单一的链上
Furthermore, epochs perhaps could even be run in parallel
此外 纪元(epoch)也许可以平行运行
so instead of having one epochs run and then another epoch run
所以不会是一个纪元(epoch)运行然后接著另一个纪元(epoch)运行
one going to develop a system using Ouroboros
我们可以使用乌洛波洛斯来开发一个系统
where epoch run in parallel and transactions are partitioned accordingly
在这里纪元(epoch)可以水平运行 交易将因此进行分区
this effectively means is as you gain more users and your users gain more capabilities
实际上这代表着随著你获得更多的用户 你的用户会获得更多的功能
these slot leaders will be able to maintain more types of blockchains
这些时隙领导(slot leader)将能够保持更多类型的区块链
and also run transaction processing for blockchains in parallel
也能平行执行区块链的交易处理
this is a major advancement the other cool thing is that
这是一个重大进步 另一个很酷的事情是
Ouroboros has very rigorous security standards in terms of its theoretical foundations as well as its implementation
乌洛波洛斯在其理论基础和实施方面具有非常严格的安全标准
so as a consequence as we develop new capabilities for the protocol these protocol are somewhat composable
因此 当我们为协议开发新功能时 这些协议是可组合的
meaning that these capabilities will also be secure
这意味着这些功能也将是安全的
whereas other systems one has to prove these things on a case in case basis
而在其他系统中 他们必须经逐个案例才能证明
in some cases make major modifications or changes to their system
在某些时候 还得对其系统进行重大的修改或更改
in addition to this we intend on Ouroboros actually being quantum resistance
除了这一点 我们打算让乌洛波洛斯成为抗量子化
sometime in 2018 hopefully
希望在2018年的某个时间点
where when the slot leader signs these blocks they’ll be using a quantum resistant signature scheme
让时隙领导(slot leader)签署这些区块时 他们可以使用抗量子签名方案
so we can get even more future proofing into the system
所以我们可以在系统中获得更多的未来证明
so that’s kind of the first view is how do we construct a way of maintaining the network
所以这是第一种观点 我们如何来构建一种维护网络
that doesn’t cost three hundred thousand dollars an hour
并且用每小时不花费三十万美元的方法
which is what Bitcoin currently costs at the current market rate of five thousand per coin
这是比特币目前的成本 以目前比特币行情每枚五千美金计算
and how do we build a system that allows us to go parallel
以及我们如何建立一个系统 使我们能够平行运行
and also allows us to potentially maintain multiple chains concurrently
并使我们能够同时维护多个链
this is the heart of Ouroboros
这将是乌洛波洛斯的核心
now as we mentioned before one of the most important things when one develops new cryptography
正如我们之前提到的 当开发新的加密时最重要的事情之一
is to make sure that this cryptography is developed in a very rigorous peer-reviewed way
就是确保这种加密是以非常严格的同行评审的方式来开发的
so Ouroboros actually was accepted at crypto 17
所以乌洛波洛斯实际上已经被2017年的加密会议接受
where our team went there and to present it and future versions of the protocol
我们的团队到了那里 并提出它和乌洛波洛斯协议的未来版本
continue to go through more rigorous peer-review
往后还会经过更严格的同行评审
giving us a high assurance that the conceptual design of the system is correct
这给了我们高度的保证 确保系统的概念设计是正确的
the other side of it is we’re actually modeling a formal specification of ouroboros using side calculus
另外 我们实际上是使用边微积分来建造乌洛波洛斯的形式规格
which is a wonderful formal modeling language that’s machine understandable
这是一个非常棒的形式建模语言 机器可以理解
that eventually we’re going to be able to connect to the Haskell code in our github repo
最终我们将能够连接到我们的 Github repo中的Haskell代码
and actually show that we’ve correctly implemented the protocol
实际上也表明了我们已经正确地实施了协议
this is a standard that actually does not exist in our space
这是一个实际上并不存在于我们加密空间中的标准
and we’re very excited to be the first to bring it to the space
我们非常高兴成为第一个将它带到加密空间的团队
but that’s not the only thing required for scalability
但这不是可扩展性所需的唯一要求
you also need the ability to move large amounts of data at same time
你还需要能够同时移动大量数据的能力
as our network grows from a few hundred transactions per second to thousands
随着我们的网络从每秒几百次的交易增长到每秒几千次
to tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of transactions per second you cannot maintain a homogeneous network topology
到几万次 到几十万次交易 你无法保持同构网络拓扑
in other words you cannot have a situation where every node has to relate every message
换句话说 你不能发生每一个节点跟每一个讯息都是关连著的情况
because there are will be nodes that don’t have those capabilities especially as they grow
总有某些节点并不具备这些能力 特别是随着节点数量的成长
so we’re actually looking at a new type of technology called Rina
所以我们实际上正在摸索一种名为RINA的新型技术
and this stands for recursive internetwork architecture
全名为 Recursive Internetwork Architecture (递归的互联网工作架构)
and so Rina is basically a new type of structuring networks
所以RINA基本上是一种新型的的结构网络
using policies and clever engineering principles
利用规范与灵活的工程原理
mostly conceived by John Day who’s based out of Boston University
主要是由波士顿大学的约翰·戴所设想的
and the goal here is to build a heterogeneous network that gives you similar types of privacy guarantees
这里的目标是建立一个异构网络 给你相似的隐私保证
transparency guarantees scalability guarantees
透明保证和可扩展性保证
That you would expect to get from network protocols like TCP IP but do so in a way
那些你会在网络协议TCP/IP上某种程度才能达到的
where you can actually reason about how the network is going to compose in a formal capacity
你可以判断网络将如何以形式容量来组成
so in other words Rina is a major step forward
换句话说 Rina 是向前迈出的重要一步
that will give us a way to very naturally tune and configure Cardano
这将给我们一种方式来自然地调整和配置卡尔达诺
as it grows from hundreds to thousands to tens of thousands of transactions per second
随著它每秒交易次数将成长从数百笔到数千笔到数万笔
and something that will very seamlessly connect and interoperate with tcp/ip
以及可与 TCP/IP 无缝连接和互通的
we’re very excited to bring this in part to the Cardona ecosystem
我们非常高兴能够将这部分推广到卡尔达诺生态系统中
in 2018 and in completely around 2019
约在2018年开始 在2019年左右完成
and we think it will be a big solution to a lot of the network overhead issues that we have
我们认为这将是一个众多网路开销问题的解决方案
finally we have this notion of data scaling
最后我们有了这个数据扩展的概念
so this is among the hardest of the problems and it’s one that we’re still examining and looking at
这其实是最难的问题之一 我们仍在研究和审视这个问题
字幕：Mihori, 荒野猎人
第二部分：