查尔斯给你讲什么是卡尔达诺（二）

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本文是查尔斯给你讲什么是卡尔达诺（一）的延续，第一部分的内容请参见：

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but the reality is that not everybody requires all the data
但事实是 不是每个人都需要全部的数据

the transactions that Alice sends the Bob
爱丽丝发送给鲍勃的交易

are not necessarily relevant to Eve Jayne and Bill
并不一定与夏娃和珍妮和比尔相关

they’re only relevant from the context
数据应该只和发生交易周遭的人有关

that these people are able to infer from their token ownership the money
这些人能够从他们自己的代币所有权和金钱中推断

and know that the tokens they receive are legitimate and correct
并知道他们收到的代币是合法与正确的

so you have techniques like pruning
所以你有技术如精简

you have techniques like subscriptions
你有像订阅这样的技术

and some form of compression
和某种形式的压缩

which one applied in a setting in a very intelligent way
一种在设置中以非常智能的方式

can actually reduce substantially the amount of overall data one user has to have
大大减少一个用户所必须拥有的总体数据量

there’s also the idea of partitioning
还有分区的想法

partitioning is where a user doesn’t actually have a full copy of the blockchain
分区的概念是用户实际上并没有区块链的完整副本

rather they have some chunk of the chain as opposed to many other chunks
相反地 他们拥有著某一部分区块 但不是很多其他的区块

and there’s some notion that you can put all of these things together
还有一些想法可以将所有这些东西全放在一起

so what are the goals of the Cardano project is to study this in a very rigorous way
所以卡尔达诺项目的目标是以非常严格的方式

and to come up with new blockchain architectures
研究这一点 并提出新的区块链架构

as they become necessary that will allow people to have much smaller amounts of data
隨着这些方式变得必要 因而可以让人们拥有更少量的数据

but overall still get the same level of assurance and security
但总体而言 仍然具有相同级别的保证和安全性

that the transactions they receive the computations that are performed are correct
以至于人们所收到的交易计算都会是正确的

so part of this research also involves some of our ideas about side chains
因此这项研究的一部分也涉及我们关于侧链的一些想法

and we’ll get to that actually when we get to the interoperability section
晚点当我们讨论可互通性时候 我会有更多有关侧链的说明

but as a brief mention all a side chain really is two components
而现在简要的介绍侧链 实际上是两个部分

first it’s the notion of creating a compressed representation of a blockchain
首先是创建区块链的压缩代理的概念

and it’s a notion of creating interoperability between chains
这是创糙链与链之间互通的概念

ie a way of translating transactions between chains
例如 一种翻译链与链之间交易的方式

so some of the proofs that we’ve come up with with some of our recent sidechains research give us a lot of hope
在一些我们关于侧链的研究证明中 给了我们很多希望。

that we can create compress representations of a blockchain
我们能够创造压缩代理的区块链

as it grows from gigabytes to terabytes to petabytes
随著数据从GB增长到TB到PB

and that these proofs can give us high level of certainty
而且这些证明可以给我们极高的确定性

that the transactions we’re seeing the history we’re seeing is correct
我们看到过去历史记录的交易是正确的

even though these proofs are quite small megabytes two kilobytes
而且这些证明数据只是非常小的MB或2 KB

so this is kind of our solution to data is to approach it and in both a pragmatic way
所以这就是我们以一种务实的方式对数据的解决方案

where we start restricting in some cases what people see
在某些情况下 我们会开始限制人们能看到什么

in a very intelligent case-by-case basis
用一种智能并透过个案基础的状况下

we partition things where and when we can
来分区我们会在哪里或在何时

and we find out really intelligent cryptographic ways to compress history
然后用一种非常智能加密的方法来压缩历史纪录

which give us the same level of confidence
同时也能给我们带来相同等级的信心

even though we don’t have all of it
即使我们没有全部的信息

but do all of this in a way where we don’t remove
但要做到这些 并用一种方式让我们不会抹去

the original replicated security guarantee that Bitcoin has endowed the space with
原本比特币赋予了这个空间的安全保证

the other fortunate thing is well TPS tends to grow quite a bit
另一个值得庆幸的事是 就算每秒交易次数增长了不少

and network resources also tend to grow quite a bit storage is still relatively cheap and available
但网络资源也成长了不少 目前存储还是相对便宜和方便

so we believe that the data scaling side of Cardano
所以 我们相信卡尔达诺的数据扩展方面

will be something that we don’t have an urgency to resolve until late 2018 to mid 2019
在2018年底到2019年中之前 不会是我们急于解决的问题

the research has just started at a University of Edinburgh and we intend to continue it
而研究部分刚刚才在爱丁堡大学开始 我们会继续投入

and we believe we will have our first approaches probably by the middle part of 2018
相信我们可能会在2018年中 就会拥有我们首创的解决方法

and eventually have a total solution to this problem by the end of 2019 for the system
最终在2019年底之前 为系统提供一整套完整的解决方案

so this is kind of the first component let’s build a protocol
所以这会是第一个部分 让我们构建协议

that allows us to scale up the transactions per second so as we gain more people into the ecosystem
让我们允许 扩大每秒交易量 以便让更多的人进入生态系统

we get more throughput let’s put a network stack
我们将得到更高的产量 来创造一套网路堆栈

developed by one of the putter early internet pioneers
被早期互联网先驱之一所开发

that has learned from some of the issues that TCP/IP has and other systems
并且已经从 TCP/IP 和其他系统中的问题所学习与改善

and is a bit less fragile and a bit easier to configure in tune
相对不那么脆弱 更容易调整配置

so that it can handle a large heterogeneous network based upon real-life scenarios
以便它可以处理基于实际生活情况所需要的大型异构网络

and let’s come up with some clever ways of handling the use of data in our system
让我们用一些巧妙的方式来处理我们系统的数据使用

without compromising our security guarantees
并不会影响到我们的安全保证

and also when a partitioning is adopted so much like BitTorrent
而且当像 BitTorrent 那样采用分区时

you actually gain a lot more resources for overall storage
你实际上可以获得更多的整体存储资源

so if we don’t have to replicate the database rather we can distribute it
所以如果我们不需要复制整套数据 而只是分发数据库

there is some hope that we can build a large distributed file system for Cardano
我们就有希望可以为卡尔达诺构建一个大型分布式文件系统

and thus actually have total available petabytes of data
因此即使任何特定的用户只需要少量的数据

even though any particular user only has to have a small amount
它实际上也具有总可用PB等级的数据量

so that’s the first pillar this notion of scalability
所以这是可扩展性这个概念的第一个支柱

but the third generation demands two more
但第三代还要求两样东西

and therefore for the Cardano project we will do these things
因此对于卡尔达诺项目我们还会做这些事情

first there’s this idea of interoperability
首先是这种可互通性的想法

so interoperability is this idea that there will not be one token to rule them all
可互通性是一个未来不会只有一个代币统治全部的想法

so sorry Bitcoin
所以对不起比特币

you’re going to have many networks like Etherium and Bitcoin and Ripple
你将会有很多网络像以太坊 比特币和瑞波

and legacy systems like the traditional bank networks
還有像传统银行网络等系统

running on older protocols like Swift and older settlement networks like ACH and so forth
运行在像Swift这样的老旧协议和类似ACH等网络上

and these systems all speak their own languages and these systems all have their own business logic and rules
这些系统都说著自己的语言 都有自己的业务逻辑和规则

so currently as it stands it’s very difficult for Etherium and Bitcoin to understand each other
就以目前来说 以太坊和比特币也很难相互理解

substantially more so for the old banking networks
本质上 更多的是在旧的银行网络里

which have the added requirement of metadata and attribution to the transactions
它们对于每项交易都加进了元数据和属性的必要条件

so the problem is that if you don’t have a single standard
所以问题是如果你没有单一标准

and if you don’t have a canonical way of communicating with these systems
并且你没有一个与这些系统进行沟通的规范方式

then you run into a situation where value gets very fragmented
那么你会遇到价值变得非常分散的情况

so regardless of how decentralize any one of these particular ecosystems happen to be
所以无论这些特定生态系统如何去中心化

the kingmaker will be the small on and off boarding hubs
掌权者总会是那些小型的沟通节点

that control the movement of value between these systems
它们控制着这些系统之间的价值移动

currently we are seeing those as exchanges
目前我们看到这些节点主要是些交易所

but there are others who could come
但也可能出现其他类型的节点

and these exchanges are very fragile
这些交易所非常脆弱

they’re subject to being hacked
他们有可能面临黑客攻击

they’re subject to draconian regulation
他们有可能受到严厉的监管

occasionally they get shut down because of unwise regulatory policy
偶尔还会因为不明智的监管政策被强迫关闭

or in some cases wise regulatory policy
甚至有些时候明智的监管政策也会导致关闭

and this is really not a good situation to be in
这样的情况实在很糟

for a supposedly decentralized permissionless ecosystem
以一个去中心化的公链生态系统来说

to have a small group of actors
存在一小群特殊的人

control whether one can convert their value from one system to another system
他们能控制着私人的价值能否在系统间转换

furthermore when people do business in this world
此外 当人们在这个世界上做生意时

if these businesses are regulated or even semi regulated
如果这些企业受到了监管或只是部分监管

they usually do have to interface and interact with the traditional financial world
他们都还是必须与传统金融世界做接口和进行互动

for example let’s say that you’re a cryptocurrency company and you issue an e ERC 20 token okay
比如说 你是一个加密货币公司 然后发售 ERC 20代币

so that ERC 20 token let’s see you have a crowd sale
如果你开始用这些ERC 20代币进行众筹

and you raise millions of dollars worth of ether
结果募集了价值数百万美元的以太币

and as a actual company with a bank account in a legal jurisdiction
作为一家受法律管辖并拥有银行账户的实体公司

you begin selling that ether and deposit millions of dollars into your bank account
你开始出售这些以太币并将所得的数百万美元存入你的银行账户

well then Bank is a regulated entity
可是银行是一个受到监管的实体

there and the first question they’re going to ask is where did you get these millions of dollars from
在那里他们要问的第一个问题是你从哪里得到这数百万美元

and the bank will then ask you to to explain to provide some data and details
然后银行就会要求你解释并提供一些数据和细节

you’ll say oh well I I had a crowd sale and I sold an ERC 20 token and I got a bunch of ether
你会说 哦 我通过众筹一种ERC 20的代币 然后换得一大堆以太币

they say okay well who did you get it from who are your customers
他们会说 好 你从谁身上得到它们 谁是你的客户

and you respond people over the Internet
你回答说 互联网上的一群人

and unfortunately that’s really not a good answer
不幸的是 这显然不是一个好答案

and this entity has a regulated business entity that has to file suspicious activity reports
而银行作为一个受监管经营实体 必须提交可疑的活动报告

that has to deal with people on their side
这些报告将会被他们那边的人处理

like the Treasury Department or maybe European Union and so forth
例如美国财政部或欧盟等其他机构

these entities feel that this is a very risky proposition
这些机构认为这种活动是非常危险的主张

and this is the unfortunate reality that we tend to live in in our world
而这就是我们当前生活在这世界中的不幸现实

we have fragile inter links throughout crypto currencies as well as the legacy financial system
我们在加密货币以及传统金融系统之间的链接是脆弱的

and there’s really no way to escalate transactions in a very natural way
目前我们真的没有办法以非常自然的方式将(加密货币)交易逐步升级

so that when one wants to do business with the legacy world
因此当人们想要与传统世界进行商务活动时

that metadata that attribution the compliance information that one would want to have is not present
银行所希望拥有的那些合规属性的基础数据并不存在

and as a consequence anybody doing business here
因此任何人在我们加密空间做生意

automatically becomes a high-risk business
就自动变为了一个高风险的商务活动

this is an unfortunate situation
这是一个不幸的情况

so the idea of a third-generation cryptocurrency with respect to interoperability
所以关于第三代加密货币可互通性的的想法

is a cryptocurrency that has the capacity of being able to understand and watch other cryptocurrencies
是一种能够理解和观察其他加密货币的加密货币

a cryptocurrency that when it sees Etherium an event occurring here
是一种加密货币 当它观察到以太坊上发生的一个事件时

can actually verify if that event is true or false
能够真正地验证该事件是真是假

for example if Alice says she has ether and sends ether to Bob,
比如爱丽丝说她有以太币并且将其发送给鲍勃

this cryptocurrency ought to be able to actually know that
这个加密货币应该能够真正知道

that’s a legitimate transaction
这是一笔合法的交易

if it’s something in the concern of the third-generation cryptocurrency
如果这是第三代加密货币所关注的内容

so cross chain transfers are reliable
那么跨链传输就会是可靠的

and they should be able to do this without needing a trusted third party
而且他们应该能不通过一个可信第三方就能做到这一点

that’s the single most important thing
这是最重要的一件事

because we want to create an Internet of blockchains
因为我们希望创建一个区块链的互联网

an internet of value that flows around just as easily
一个价值能在链与链之间自由流动的互联网

as Bitcoin flows around or ether flows around we want to move cross chain
就像比特币或者以太币在他们自己的链中流动一样容易

so the first component of that is to have some notion of side chains though
所以第一部分组件就是要拥有一些侧链的概念

this is not a new idea
这并不是一个新想法

atomic cross chain swaps or side chains these things have been around for a long time
原子跨链交换或侧链的这些概念已经存在了很长一段时间

they’ve been proposed since as early as 2012 perhaps even sooner
他们早在2012年或许更早就被提出

but the basic concept is that there is some way of structuring information from one chain to another chain
但基本的概念是使用一些方法构建跨链的信息

such that when a transaction is sent
从而在发送跨链交易时

that compressed structuring of information gives you the ability to know if that transactions legitimate or not
那些精简的结构化的讯息让你有能力判断交易的合法性

in other words the person sending it to you actually has that value
换句话说 发送价值的人确实拥有这个价值

and also this value is not a double spent it’s a very important concept
而且这个价值并没有被双重消费 这是一个非常重要的概念

the other side of it is that you have to have the ability to do this in a very compressed way
除此之外你还必须要有能力以非常精简的方式做到这一点

there are over a thousand cryptocurrencies in use
现在有超过一千个加密货币正在使用中

and cryptocurrencies are becoming larger and larger
加密货币的总体也变得越来越大

so you can’t say well the only way to understand the other system
所以你不能说了解其他系统的唯一方法

is to have a copy of the entire blockchain of the other system
是获得另外一个系统整个区块链的数据副本

this is not a scalable solution
这不会是一个可扩展的解决方案

you have to be able to look at these systems in a very compressed way
你必须要能够以非常精简的方式查看这些系统

so Cardano has started its sidechains effort
所以卡尔达诺已经开始了它的侧链工作

we recently published a paper with Andrew Miller, Dionysis Zindros, and Aggelos Kiayias
我们最近和 Andrew Miller, Dionysis Zindros, 还有 Aggelos Kiayias 发表了一篇论文用

and this paper contains a very well thought out approach
这篇论文中包含了一个深思熟虑的方法

for how to generate proofs in the proof-of-work world
如何在工作证明(PoW)世界中生成证明

called non interactive proofs of proof of work
这方法名为非交互式证明的工作证明

and we’re very hopeful that this approach can also be adapted in the proof of stakes setting
我们非常希望这个方法也能适用于权益证明

then these two things together combined with some clever engineering
然后把这两种方法通过一些巧妙的设计结合起来

should allow us to have a pretty deep and detailed understanding
这将使我们能非常深入与细致地了解

of what’s going on amongst other crypto currencies which are here to stay
其他加密货币内部所正在发生的事

however this is only part of the story
然而这只是故事的一部分

even if we can create a utopia
即使我们能够创造一个乌托邦

where all blockchains can talk to each other and be seen and heard
在那里所有的区块链都可以互相交流 并且能够被看到和听到

and they go from blind deaf and dumb to very intelligent and robust
他们也从又聋又瞎的呆子变得非常聪明强壮

the issue is that this world is still incompatible with this world
但问题是这个乌托邦仍然与我们的现实世界不兼容

principally because of three factors
这主要是因为以下三个因素

one is the notion of metadata
一是元数据的概念

two is the notion of attribution
二是属性的概念

and three is the notion of compliance
三是合规的概念

so metadata is the story behind a transaction
元数据是交易背后的故事

it’s not that you’ve spent fifty dollars
它关心的不是说你已经花了50美元

that matters it’s where did you spend it what did you spend it on
而是你在哪里消费 你买了什么

to whom did you give it to these types of things
你支付的费用是给谁了 等等这些类型的信息

that’s metadata it’s really not well provisioned in the cryptocurrency space
这才是元数据 它确实没有很好地在加密货币中提供

however it’s the bread and butter of the legacy financial world
然而它是传统金融世界的支柱

there’s an enormous amount of value in the metadata of transactions
在交易的元数据中藏有巨大的价值

and in some cases the metadata of transactions allows transactions to be put into a hierarchy of risk
在某些情况下 交易的元数据允许交易被放在一个风险层级中

certain types of transactions are tremendously risky
其中某些类型的交易是极其危险的

for example if there’s a wire transfer between two American banks based in New York amongst large companies
例如 大公司们通过两家总部设在纽约的美国银行进行电汇

this is very common and happens all the time
这是非常普遍的现象

if there’s a wire transfer from a small American company to a small Russian institution
但如果有笔电汇从一家小型美国公司转移到一家小型俄罗斯机构

which in turn then goes to Iran which in turn then goes to South Africa
然后再转到伊朗 结果最后去了南非

this is a totally different scenario even if the amounts are the same
即使金额与前面的例子相同 这也会是一个完全不同的情况

the amount of hops the people who have touched it the nature of the organizations how long they’ve been doing business this is all metadata
电汇的中转次数 经手人 公司的性质 以及经营业务多长时间等等 这些都是元数据

the problem is that metadata is incredibly personal it’s incredibly private
问题是元数据是极度私密的

and it has a big difficulty in the cryptocurrency space
要在加密货币空间中记录它存在着很大的障碍

because all the transactions here are permanent they live on a blockchain
因为加密货币的所有交易都是永久储存在链上的

they’re transparent
它们是透明的

and the minute that we would attach metadata to a transaction here we’d run into a situation
我们从将元数据附加到交易的那一刻起就会面临下面这种情况

where we could be potentially exposing very sensitive information to the general public
我们可能会潜在地向公众泄露非常敏感的信息

so what are the goals of the Cardano project is to figure out
所以卡尔达诺的目标是能够找出

where when and how we can put metadata on a blockchain
何时何地以及如何将元数据放在区块链上

and benefit from some of the factors that we really care about
然后从其中包含的那些我们真正关注的内容中获益

such as audit ability as well as immutability and time stamping
例如审计的能力以及不可改变的特性还有时间戳等

because tempering with metadata is a very very risky thing
因为处理元数据是非常非常有风险的事情

it’s very important in cases to have this
很多时候拥有元数据很重要

but at the same time posting metadata to a blockchain in a responsible way
但是同时采用一种负责的方式将元数据上链也很重要

字幕：孙浩， Mihori, 荒野猎人

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