Why does Cardano not have USDC or other tier-1 stablecoins?

Minting policies can only control mint/burn operations, not token transfers. If we want to freeze transfers (e.g., as for a regulatory pause/freeze event), we must make the token a native token with a spending validator.

Plutus policies are immutable. Any change to freeze will yield a new currency symbol. You cannot freeze/unfreeze an existing token this way. This is a serious consideration for stablecoin controls.
● If you want freeze to be updatable, consider state management via a reference UTXO (“state token” or similar technique).
● Alternatively, model the freeze control in an off-chain app that only mints via script interactions, considering the current freeze state.

Cardano chose a different path: native & over-collateralized stables

Instead of rushing centralized stables, Cardano supported:

  • DJED (algorithmic, over-collateralized)
  • USDA (fiat-backed, regulated, Cardano-native)
  • iUSD and other ecosystem stables

This aligned with Cardano’s philosophy:

Minimize systemic risk before scaling liquidity.

However, it also meant slower adoption compared to chains that imported USDT early.


The situation is changing (important)

Today, Cardano now has:

  • Better DEX throughput (Hydra, Mithril, Plutus v3)
  • Growing institutional tooling
  • More active DeFi builders
  • Regulatory-aligned stablecoin projects

That’s why:

  • USDA exists
  • Cross-chain USDC bridges are being explored.
  • Circle has publicly acknowledged Cardano as a serious chain (but no launch commitment yet)

Bottom line:

Cardano doesn’t lack tier-1 stablecoins due to ideology or failure; it prioritized correctness, security, and decentralization, whereas issuers prioritized speed, liquidity, and revenue.

Related X post

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To guide the contributions of developers working in this space, there is a growing reference implementation for a supportive token framework, which will better promote all these adoption measures the more that potential stablecoin projects align with it: (cc @colll78 @nemo83)

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Thanks for sharing the PoC. Much Appreciated :saluting_face:

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Cip 143 is deployed on preprod here: https://preprod.programmabletokens.xyz/

Something cip113 specific is brewing and can’t share yet, but it’s a WIP. But much is happening here: GitHub - cardano-foundation/cip113-programmable-tokens

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