卡尔达诺是来自世界各地的大批专家工程师和研究人员共同协作的产物，项目伊始，卡尔达诺就采用以同行评审学术研究为驱动的原则方法来确保项目的可靠性和安全性。这也是卡尔达诺在众多加密币项目中独树一帜的重要特点。
为了方便大家学习项目，卡尔达诺字幕组将IOHK 首席科学家安吉洛斯.奇易亚斯教授(Professor Aggelos Kiayias) 解释同行审评的视频整理成文字资料，希望能对大家有所帮助。
视频字幕制作：Mihori，@荒野猎人Cardano, Michael_Mac
The objective of peer review is to choose
同行评审的目标是来选择
what papers represent genuine advances in the state of the art in a certain scientific field
哪些论文代表著某科学领域中 现有技术的最新发展水平
if we take cryptography for example
如果我们拿加密学为例
there is a body of literature that or it’s already existing
其中已经有一整组的文献存在了
and the peer review process tries to evaluate whether a certain contribution is substantial step forward
同行评审的过程会试图评估某个贡献是否为实质性的进步
given that existing body of scientific work in cryptography that is already being documented
因现有加密学的科学工作都已经被明文载录了
so it is really the core process that scientific cryptography uses to advance forward
所以它实际上是科学加密学用来向前进步的一个核心过程
so there are several dimensions that make this process what it is
所以这个过程分有几个维度
the most important as it is manifested by the conferences of the International Association for Cryptologic Research
最重要的是 它在一些会议中发表 如国际加密研究协会会议
Crypto Europe and Asiacrypt being the so called flagship conferences
加密欧洲会议和亚洲加密会议等 一些所谓的旗舰会议
it is that it follows a double-blind reviewing process
它所遵循的是双盲审查过程
so what does double-blind mean
所以双盲意味着什么呢
basically if you want to submit something to the conference
基本上如果你想提交某样东西到会议中
you have to produce a detailed manuscript that has to be complete in a number of ways
你必须制作一份详细的并且可以用多种方式完成的手稿
it has to have full substantiation of all the claims complete proofs theorems and lemmas
它必须充分证明所有的主张 有着完整的证明 定理和引理
complete proofs theorems and lemmas that are necessary to support those claims
所需用来支持这些主张的所有证明 定理和引理
and a complete description of all the necessary material
和所有必要材料的完整描述
that is needed to test the veracity of all the claims
这是测试所有主张的准确性所需要的
and then you package that in a document
然后你将其打包在文档中
which is submitted without any indication of what are the author’s behind the manuscript
提交的过程中并不指明手稿背后的作者是谁
now this is submitted to a committee of experts which is selected by the community
这手稿将提交给由社区选定的专家委员会
and every year is a different set of experts for each conference
而每年的每个会议都是不同组的专家
the experts may range the numbers from 40 to 50
专家们的数量约为40到50
and they are selected by a team of two program chairs
并由两名专案主席组成的团队来挑选
which are appointed by the directors the board of directors of the IACR
专案主席则由国际加密研究协会的董事会所任命
the experts that are selected to review a particular manuscript which is for submission
被选中审查某特定提交手稿的专家们
they also are anonymous to the authors
他们对手稿作者同样也是匿名的
so when finally the decision regarding the particular manuscript is furnished
所以当最后对于某特定手稿的决定完善时
the names of the experts are not revealed
专家们的名字也并不会揭露
so this double blinding is what typifies this process
所以这个双盲是此过程的典型方法
the purpose of this double blinding is to ensure that there is as little bias as possible
双盲的目的是确保偏差能够尽可能的减少
the important thing here is to keep in mind
重要的是请记住
that the process tries to as neutrally as possible
该过程将尽可能地保持中立的立场
decide whether a certain paper is a substantial advancement forward
来决定某篇论文是否有实质性的进展
and this has to be done on first principles only
这只能按照第一原理来完成
注：第一原理为古希腊哲学家亚理斯多德所提出，意指任何事物逻辑中，存在一个最基本的命题或假设，不能被省略或删除，也不能被违反，此为第一原理
in other words biases that have to do for instance with marketing with the fame of the authors
换句话说 偏差通常和 例如营销相关 和作者的名气相关
with personal connections potentially between those that are reviewing
and those that are producing those manuscripts
和审查与制作手稿的人之间的潜在私人关系相关
all that have to be removed from the process as much as possible
这些所有必须尽可能从过程中移除
and this is what is achieved by this double binding reviewing process
而这也是双重约束审查过程所能达到的
so participating in peer review process can happen in two ways
所以参与同行评审的过程可以通过两种方式进行
so one is by submitting a manuscript for peer review
其一是通过提交一份手稿来进行同行评审
so this is done by finding a conference or a journal that solicits papers
这是通过找寻一个征集论文的会议或期刊来完成的
and they are solicitations for papers called “call for papers” that are available online
他们是论文征集者 发布征文通知 通常可透过在线提供
in these call for papers there is a description of what the particular conference is looking for
在这些征文通知中会有叙述 来说明会议正在寻找的内容
and also what are the group of experts that will be evaluating the submitted work
和专家们将会评估提交作品哪方面的要件
as well as what are they specifics of typesetting that the manuscript submitted should satisfy in order to be evaluated
以及他们要求哪种特定的手稿排版以便进行评估
and this is an open process
这是一个开放的过程
so anybody can submit a manuscript for peer review
所以任何人都可以提交手稿进行同行评审
on the other hand participating as an expert is something that is done by invitation only
另一方面 专家的参与是通过邀请来完成的
and this only comes after a many year commitment to advancing the scientific research in a particular area
这只会出现在多年来推进某特定领域科研的承诺之后
so for example in cryptography the people that participate as program committee members
所以例如在加密学中 作为专案委员会成员参与的人
are people that have done research in universities and research centers for many many years
都是多年来在大学机构和研究中心进行过研究的人
have taught cryptography courses
教导过加密学课程
have produced a lot of important results in the area that have been recognized by their peers
在该领域完成了许多被同行所认可重要成果
and then after this type of commitment to the scientific area of cryptography
经过像这样的加密科学领域的承诺之后
an invitation is typically comes for participation in a program committee of such a conference
参与此类会议的专案委员会的邀情也将随后而来
and this event actually is a distinction and it’s something that people are proud of
这是一种荣誉 是人们引以为豪的事情
certainly to serve as members in a program committee of a conference like Crypto Euro or Asiacrypt
能来担任加密欧洲或亚洲加密类似会议的专案委员会成员
peer review is important for crypto currencies
同行评审对加密货币而言是很重要的
because it enables the area to mature and lay solid foundations upon which protocols that are implemented
因为它可使其领域成熟并为实施的协议奠定坚实的基础
and carry value for their users can actually be trusted to do so
并为他们的用户带来价值且实际上是可信赖的
there is very important to produce systems that are robust and resilient faults
生产一个坚固耐用和防止错误的系统是极为重要的
and in just the fact that the system a certain system is working at the present time
鉴于一个系统现今能够运行的事实
is not necessarily a proof that he will continue to do so in the long run
并不一定能证明它长期上会继续这样运行
it is very important to have proper assurances as those that are provided by scientific cryptographic work
科学加密工作所提供的正确保证是非常重要的
that these systems are resilient to attacks
这些系统将能够抵御攻击
for this reason it is important to build models
也由于这个原因 建立模型是非常重要的
within which we can analyze the security of crypto currencies and distribute ledgers
我们可以分析加密货币和分配帐本的安全性
and have proofs that they operate within the proper bounds for safe and fault resilient operation
并有证据表明它们在安全和防止错误的适当范围内运行
so using these tools that are provided by this scientific process
所以利用这些科学过程所提供的工具
we can be certain that the systems will not be attacked
我们可以确信这些系统不会受到攻击
and the assets that they record they are not going to be at risk
它们所记录的资产也将不会受到威胁